Mukhammad Nur Hadi, Fahriza Balqis, Arya Kusumawardana, Adi Izhar Che Ani
This study explores the design and simulation of a voltage balancing system for series photovoltaic (PV) arrays using an isolated bi-directional converter integrated with a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller. Partial shading on PV panels can result in mismatched output, leading to long-term degradation and reduced performance. The proposed system employs a PI-controlled flyback converter to balance voltage across individual PV modules, mitigating the effects of partial shading. Through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink, the research determines optimal PI parameters with kp = 0.09 and ki = 5. The results indicate that the designed controller significantly improves voltage convergency, yielding a system response with an RMSE 0.1495 better than a conventional controller. However, the designed system has a narrow voltage regulation workspace to generate MPP. Overall, the proposed system shows promising potential in enhancing PV array efficiency under varying shading conditions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026.
State University of Malang, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pulau Pinang, Shah Alam, Malaysia
