Witri Wahyu Lestari, Rujito S. R. Suharbiansah, Larasati Larasati, Fitria Rahmawati, Ubed S. F. Arrozi, Sara Durini, Fadli Rohman, Riza Iskandar, Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
The conversion of biomass into sustainable biofuel is achievable through biorefinery. In this regard, the selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has attracted a great interest. This research aims to prepare an active and selective catalyst for hydrogenation of furfural in liquid phase. To achieve this objective, we employed a water-stable zirconium(IV)-based metal–organic framework (MOF) [Zr6O4(OH)4(BTC)2(CH3COO)6] (Zr–BTC) (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) and modified it with Ru and Pd to form Ru/Zr–BTC and Pd/Zr–BTC. The diffractograms of Zr–BTC modified with Ru and Pd metal fit well with the diffractogram of the pristine Zr–BTC, indicating that the presence of Ru and Pd in Zr–BTC does not change the Zr–BTC structure. This is further confirmed by FTIR spectra. The obtained materials showed type I adsorption isotherms, thus the material can be classified as microporous. The presence of Pd/Ru metal on the surface and in the pores of Zr–BTC decreases the total pore volume and BET surface area. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analysis further confirmed that the Pd and Ru were successfully encapsulated in Zr–BTC. Ru/Zr–BTC and Pd/Zr–BTC showed excellent performance in the catalytic liquid-phase hydrogenation reaction of furfural to furfuryl alcohol with conversion of 99.4% and 98.4% for Ru/Zr–BTC and Pd/Zr–BTC, respectively, and selectivity to furfuryl alcohol (FA) up to 100% for both catalysts. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir Sutami No. 36A, Kentingan-Jebres, Central Java, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, State University of Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Advanced Catalytic Materials, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstr. 55, Aachen, 52074, Germany; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pacific Tech Centre, 1, Jalan Kilang Timor, #04-02, Singapore, 159303, Singapore
