Heru Suryanto, Uun Yanuhar, B. Brailson Mansingh, J.S. Binoj
The transition from an oil-based economy to a nature-based economy necessitates the innovative exploitation and transformation of high-value natural resources. Cellulose is mostly found in higher plants, but it is also created by marine organisms, particularly Tunicates, types of algae, and bacteria, by enzymatic and chemical processes, with a nanocellulose or nanofiber or nanocrystalline cellulose structure. For environmental sustainability, it would be preferable to use natural fibers as a renewable source as the worldwide waste problem caused by biomass is becoming an increasing environmental concern. Numerous agro-industrial wastes have been investigated for the synthesis of Bacterial cellulose (BC). Bacterial cellulose fiber is a natural fiber that is easy to cultivate and offers nano-sized fiber. BC pellicle can be created using two types of fermentation: dynamic and static fermentation using Hestrin and Schramm medium with carbon sources derived from agro-industrial waste. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) is extracted through the fibrillation of BC pellicle in a high-pressure homogenizer, which reduces and homogenises the particle size. It is applicable as composite membranes or hydrogels. The X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and strength analysis can be used for characterization. Bacterial strain and fermentation procedures determine the BC's properties. Small-scale and contemporary enterprises have utilised BNC for biomedical, energy harvesting and storage, electrical, environmental, and food applications. This chapter presents a review of agro-industrial waste, cellulose feedstock, bacterially produced cellulose fiber, its morphological, chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics, as well as its potential applications. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Center of Excellent for Cellulose Composite (CECCom), Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India; Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India