Samsudin Anis, Sukarni Sukarni, Alavudeen Azeez, Ahmad Indra Siswantara, Sonika Maulana, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Adhi Kusumastuti, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, Aravindhan Alagarsamy, Mohamed Abbas, Shaeen Kalathil, Mezigebu Belay
The global energy crisis caused by population increase and industrialization has prompted the exploration of more sustainable renewable energy sources. The utilization of organic and inorganic waste as an alternative energy source is emerging as a potential solution that can reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The present study investigates the thermogravimetric and physicochemical characteristics of blends derived from waste tires and coconut shells, emphasizing their viability as sustainable energy sources. Specimens consisting of different ratios of tire waste and coconut shells, designated as CS100WT0, CS75WT25, CS50WT50, CS25WT75, and CS0WT100, underwent analysis through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and calorific value testing. The results demonstrate that augmenting the percentage of waste tires in the mixture significantly affects the thermal degradation, functional groups, crystalline phases, and calorific value of the material. The maximum temperature (Tmax) reached by CS100WT0 was 325 °C, suggesting superior thermal stability compared to the other specimens. However, the Tmax of CS75WT25, CS50WT50, and CS25WT75 increased as the content of waste tires increased. The incorporation of waste tires leads to a diminished intensity of the O–H functional group, indicating a reduction in moisture content and enhanced energy production efficiency. The calorific value of the specimens elevated with the elevated content of waste tires. The CS25WT75 specimen exhibited the highest calorific value of 27.75 MJ kg−1, indicating that it has a higher energy potential compared to blends with a higher proportion of coconut shells. This research improves waste-to-energy technologies that mitigate pollution, promote resource recovery, and offer sustainable alternatives to conventional energy sources. This research is consistent with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 7, which focuses on Affordable and Clean Energy, and Goal 12, which emphasizes Responsible Consumption and Production. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Center for Renewable Fuels Research (CRFR), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia; Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia; Centre for Automotive Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Pahang, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia; Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Mohan Babu University, Andhra Pradesh, Tirupati, 517102, India; Center for Flexible Electronics, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522501, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), (SIMATS) Thandalam Chennai, Thandalam, Chennai, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Ethiopian Defence University, Bishoftu, 1041, Ethiopia
