Eko Noerhayati, Soraya Norma Mustika, Siti Asmaniyah Mardiyani, Mohamad Jasa Afroni, Wahyu Mulyo Utomo, Shipun Anuar Hamzah
Precision agriculture through Internet of Things (IoT) integration offers a transformative approach to sustainable food production. This study evaluated a solar-powered IoT system designed for automated Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Kalium (NPK) nutrient control in Brassica rapa L. cultivation. Unlike conventional systems, the proposed framework utilized industrial-grade RS485 Modbus sensors to ensure signal stability and minimize sensor drift. Data were analyzed using box-and-whisker plots and mean ± standard deviation to assess nutrient distribution homogeneity between inlet and distal nodes. The results demonstrated that the IoT-regulated environment successfully homogenized the rhizosphere, maintaining Nitrogen (58.2 ± 14.12 mg/kg) and Phosphorus (81.67 ± 19.85 mg/kg) levels within optimal ranges. This stable resource provision triggered a significant shift in energy allocation, reducing root biomass while enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, the system's energy autonomy and modular design confirm its deployment portability for diverse agricultural scales and remote climates. This research provides a robust framework for precision ecological engineering, demonstrating that biological efficiency can be optimized through intelligent system control rather than input intensification. ©2026 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Universitas Islam Malang, Department of Civil Engineering, Malang, 65144, Indonesia; Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang, 65144, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, 86400, Malaysia
