Putra Hilmi Prayitno, Muhammad Helmi Norman, Annisya Annisya, Anita Sulistyorini, Alan Sigit Fibrianto
Humans are created according to their respective genders. The nature and behavior of a person should not be limited by gender, but the inherent patriarchal culture has compartmentalized that men must meet certain criteria that already exist in society. Toxic masculinity that occurs in men can add pressure and burden to emotional instability because it tends to be difficult to control emotions. Hence, this study aims to understand whether toxic masculinity affects productivity and depression rates in Indonesia. In addition to productivity, this study also wants to comprehend the influence of other variables, such as gender, age, sleep duration, religiosity, marital status, and years of schooling, on depression rates in Indonesia. This study involves a systematic literature review to answer the questions presented. The findings indicate that factors that cause toxic masculinity include the ideology of masculinity, femininity, and emotional manipulation. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Universitas Negeri Malang, Java, Indonesia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
