Fawzan Hanafi bin Mohamad Fazdhli, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua bin Abdullah, Mohammad Rafi Bin Omar, Mohd Fazdli Bin Abdullah, Mohd Fariduddin Mukhtar, Effendi Bin Mohamad, Rohana Binti Abdullah, Iskandar Waini, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie, Poppy Puspitasari, Avita Ayu Permanasari
The incorporation of nanoparticles into bio-waste materials has recently gained attention in the field of tribology. Banana peel (BP), a promising bio-waste, shows potential for producing lubricant oil. While the performance of pure banana peel oil (BPO) has been promising, further enhancement is necessary to ensure stable performance. To address this, graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) are introduced as they are known to improve material characteristics and enhance oil performance. This study evaluates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD). The BPO-GNP mixture is optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in Minitab software, employing a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effects of factors such as homogenization time, volume percentage, and graphene type are examined in this study. The COF and WSD results are analyzed using Pareto charts and surface plots. The analysis reveals that the effects of each factor on COF are relatively minor. In contrast, homogenization time and graphene type have significant effects on WSD, with a p-value of 0.04. The results suggest that a homogenization time of 30 minutes and the use of research-grade graphene yield the optimal combination for minimizing WSD. © 2026 Fawzan Hanafi Bin Mohamad Fazdhli et al.
Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Centre for Advance Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Fakulti Pengurusan Teknologi dan Teknousahawanan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5, Malang, Indonesia
