Fawzan Hanafi Mohamad Fazdhli Fawzan, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah, Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah, Effendi Mohamad, Rohana Abdullah Rohana, Syahrul Azwan Sundi, Iskandar Waini Iskandar, Najiyah Safwa Khashi'ie, Poppy Puspitasari, Ayu Avita Ayu
Developing bio-based lubricants from banana peel oil is emerging as a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. Infusing this biolubricant with graphene nanoparticles has the potential to enhance its tribological performance significantly by creating a tribofilm at the contact surface. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of graphene-infused banana peel oil, with a focus on its tribological behaviour. Oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction, and nanoparticle infusion was accomplished using ultrasonic homogenization. Tribological tests were conducted using the 4-ball tribometer to record the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear scar diameter (WSD). The results showed that Sample 8 (0.5 vol%, 20 minutes, industrial graphene) obtained the best tribological performance, with the lowest CoF (0.0825) and WSD (137 µm), while Sample 13 (0.3 vol%, 20 minutes, technical graphene) presented the highest COF (0.0939). Sample 14 (0.3 vol%, 20 minutes, technical graphene) exhibited the most severe wear in WSD value (170 µm). In addition, Sample 8 demonstrated Graphene’s crystal structure and its types having optimised composition to help reduce friction and wear by forming a protective layer that minimised direct surface contact. Furthermore, the developed bio-lubricants also demonstrated similar lubricant performance when compared to conventional engine oil. © 2026, Malaysian Tribology Society (Mytribos). All rights reserved.
Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, 76100, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
