Hafil Perdana Kusumah, Larrisa Jestha Mahardhika, Zurnansyah, Putri Dwi Jayanti, Harlina Ardiyanti, Nurul Imani Istiqomah, Nining Sumawati Asri, Hanif Yoma Khoiri, Abhishek Sharma, Malik Anjelh Baqiya, Sunaryono Sunaryono, Daoud Ali, Edi Suharyadi
This study focused on green-synthesized titanium dioxide-doped magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TiO2-doped Fe3O4/rGO) using Moringa oleifera (MO) and Amaranthus viridis (AV) leaf extracts for degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. TiO2 is a widely used photocatalyst but suffers from rapid electron–hole recombination and limited reusability. Therefore, TiO2 was combined with rGO and Fe3O4; rGO improves charge separation, while Fe3O4 enhances electron transport and enables magnetic recovery. The nanocomposites are prepared by coprecipitation methods with various concentrations to obtain efficient photocatalytic degradation. The existence of TiO2-doped Fe3O4/rGO was proved by phase composition from X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, and binding from Fourier-transform infrared spectra. The stretching vibration peaks for C-H and C=C bonds indicate the successful preparation of green-synthesized nanoparticles using MO and AV extracts. Phenolics and flavonoids act as natural reducing agents by donating electrons to metal ions, facilitating their reduction to elemental metal nanoparticles. TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are distributed on the rGO sheet. rGO facilitates efficient electron transfer and suppresses electron-hole recombination. The molar ratio of titanium has a significant effect on the photocatalytic activity of MB, and nanocomposites can remove 99 % of MB from an aqueous solution in 20 min. According to vibrating sample magnetometer analysis and cycle experiments, TiO2-doped Fe3O4/rGO photocatalyst maintained superior magnetism, stability and recycling performance. The degradation ability of nanocomposites was reduced by just 2.2 % after three cycles. The TiO2-doped Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite could potentially be used as an economical, environmentally friendly, and reusable photocatalyst for removing organic pollutants from wastewater. © 2025 The Authors.
Department of Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Departement of Physics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia; Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia; College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, South Korea; Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
