Dewi Ratna Sulistina, Fitriana Kurniasari Solikhah, Mukammad Toha, Fatimah Zahra, Ronal Surya Aditya
Introduction: HIV affects men who have sex with men (MSM) in a disproportionate way, especially in concentrated epidemics such as Indonesia. Surabaya carries the highest burden among MSM in the country. Yet, evidence on HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and drug resistance is scarce. Method: a cross-sectional study involved 57 HIV-1–infected gay and bisexual men on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Surabaya during 2022–2023. Blood samples were taken for HIV-1 pol gene amplification (protease and reverse transcriptase). Sanger sequencing produced subtype data through phylogenetic analysis and RIP. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were assessed with IAS-USA 2023 and Stanford HIVdb v10.0. Results: CRF01_AE dominated (82,0 %), followed by subtype B (10,5 %) and recombinants (7,5 %). Sixteen participants had sequences that passed analysis. Five of them (31,3 %, 95 % CI: 11,8–58,7 %) carried major DRMs: K65R (NRTI), K103N (NNRTI), and Q58E/V82A (PI). One case showed resistance to more than one drug class. Overall resistance rates surpassed both regional estimates and the WHO 10 % benchmark. Conclusions: see the corresponding section at the end of the paper. © 2025; Los autores.
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Midwifery, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia; Poltekkes Kemenkes Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
