Susriyati Mahanal, Siti Zubaidah, Deny Setiawan, Hardianto Hardianto, Hidayati Maghfiroh, Chun-Yen Chang
Biology education has become very important in the digital era because technology allows for a deeper exploration of life processes. The Protist course is part of biology content that has not yet empowered students’ scientific thinking using digital-based learning strategies. The Protists course explores the intricate connection between protists and human life. The objective of this study is the RICOSRE learning model (reading, identifying the problem, constructing the solution, solving the problem, reviewing the problem solving, and extending the problem solution) with flipped classroom (RICOSRE-FC) could enhance students’ scientific thinking skills in the digital era. The current quasi-experimental research utilized a pre-test-post-test non-equivalent control group design. The research participants were F141 students enrolled in the Protists course run by a public institution in Indonesia. The study results show that RICOSRE-FC can help students develop scientific thinking skills. RICOSRE-FC effectively enhanced students’ scientific thinking by prioritizing the classroom problem-solving process. RICOSRE-FC is recommended to be applied to a wide range of learning courses. © 2025 Susriyati Mahanal et al.; published by UIKTEN. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License.
Department of Biology, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Science Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
