Purnawansyah, Aji Prasetya Wibawa, Triyanna Widiyaningtyas, Haviluddin, Herdianti Darwis, Huzain Azis
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of various algorithms in the realms of supervised and semi-supervised learning applied to three multiclass facial image datasets: JAFFE, Georgia tech, and Yale. The datasets were partitioned into proportions of 80:20, 75:25, and 50:50 for supervised learning, while semi-supervised learning was conducted with labelled and unlabeled data ratios of 20:80, 25:75, and 50:50. The evaluated algorithms include convolutional neural networks (CNNs), decision tree, long short-Term memory, K-nearest neighbors (K-NNs), multilayer perceptron, and support vector classifier (SVC), each with varying parameters. Experimental outcomes reveal that the performance of models depends on the dataset partitioning strategies and the type of algorithms used. Specifically, linear and polynomial SVC consistently yield favorable results in supervised learning, particularly demonstrating efficacy on the Georgia tech dataset. Conversely, on the JAFFE and Yale dataset, linear SVC and K-NN emerge as optimal choices. The inclusion of semi-supervised learning enhances insights, particularly evident in the Georgia tech dataset, where the combination of labeled and unlabeled data significantly improves accuracy, especially when leveraging linear SVC algorithm. Although there are some instances of sub-optimal performance in certain algorithms like CNN on specific datasets, this research provides comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of various models in contexts of limited-label learning. The implications of these findings are crucial in advancing the development of adaptive and robust facial recognition systems, especially in navigating datasets characterized by diverse variations and complexities. © 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.
Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo, Makassar, 90231, Indonesia; Department of Computer Science, Universitas Mulawarman Jl. Kuaro Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, 75119, Indonesia
