Berliantty Warim Putri, Arif Hidayat, Lya Rizka Herawati, Poppy Puspitasari, Nandang Mufti, Yap Wing Fen, Muhammad Safwan Abdul Aziz, Tahta Amrillah, Ahmad Taufiq
Nowadays, water pollution by heavy metal Pb(II) is a significant issue in many countries, including Indonesia. To overcome this problem, a suitable and efficient waste treatment method is necessary. Therefore, in this work, Fe₃O₄/AC/TiO₂ nanocomposite modified with chitosan (CS) for the treatment of Pb (II) waste were investigated. CS was used due to its OH and NH₂ functional groups, which enable the formation of a new hybrid nanocomposite that can be used repeatedly. To reduce production costs, environmentally friendly, raw natural materials, such as iron sand, coconut shells, and shrimp shells, were employed. The XRD characterization results indicate that the crystallite size of Fe₃O₄ is in the range of 16.05nm to 24.52nm, while that of TiO₂ is 25.22nm. The SEM-EDX characterization indicates that the particle morphology is imperfectly round and aggregated. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis indicates the presence of N-H, Fe-O, C=O, and Ti-O-Ti functional groups, representing the CS, Fe₃O₄, AC, and TiO₂ characteristics. The VSM results demonstrate that the CS-Fe₃O₄/AC/TiO₂ exhibits superparamagnetic properties. In the Pb (II) heavy metal uptake test, CFAT 1 showed the most optimal results when the adsorption test was conducted for 120min, resulting in an efficiency of 99.88. Furthermore, this sample can be used repeatedly in four adsorption-desorption cycles. This suggests that the CS-Fe₃O₄/AC/TiO₂ nanocomposite can be an effective Pb(II) heavy metal absorbent. © Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Faculty of Engineering, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Science, Selangor, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia; Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Science, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Nanotechnology Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Indonesia
