Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Mohamad Hamdi Zainal Abidin, Hwee Li Teo, Fahrul Zaman Huyop, Evi Susanti
Biofuels are renewable, carbon-neutral fuels derived from natural biomass, mainly from biological feedstock. Hence, this commodity is a biological product rather than a geological one, as seen in fossil fuels. They are recognized as petroleum substitutes to meet future requirements with regard to sustainability, as the future demands it. This chapter discusses the evolution of biofuels from Generation 1 to Generation 4, highlighting their manufacturing differences. Further, this chapter compiles the different types of catalysts: chemical and enzymatic catalysts for producing biofuels. The Life Cycle Assessment on the impact of biofuel production and the general economic analysis concerning the policies, trade, and employment opportunities, alongside sustainable solutions related to biofuel production, are also discussed. Advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the internet-of-things technologies for optimizing biodiesel production, plus the use of sustainable feedstock sources, could promote a cleaner, renewable energy source and lower the consumption of fossil fuels. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Johor, Malaysia; Biotechnology Program, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Johor, Malaysia
