Nugroho Wibisono, Mokh. Sholihul Hadi, Sujito
This study evaluates IoT gateway performance over Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite links using OpenVPN. TCP and UDP traffic were measured with iPerf across two configurations: VPN Non-IoT Gateway and VPN IoT Gateway. For TCP, the IoT Gateway reached 6.20 Mbps RX and 6.59 Mbps TX with lower standard deviation values (≈3.04-3.47 Mbps2), compared to the VPN Non-IoT Gateway which recorded 5.71 Mbps RX and 8.29 Mbps TX with higher standard deviation values (≈3.35-4.30 Mbps2), indicating greater throughput but less stability. In terms of reliability, the VPN Non-IoT Gateway suffered from higher retransmissions (6707 packets in RX) compared to the IoT Gateway, indicating greater congestion and encryption overhead due to the absence of integrated traffic shaping and edge processing. For UDP, the IoT Gateway reached 25.30 Mbps with jitter decreasing from 1.635 ms to 1.104 ms, compared to the VPN Non-IoT Gateway which achieved 27.70 Mbps with jitter dropping to 0.439 ms. However, packet loss in the IoT Gateway rose sharply to 16% at 30 MB, compared to 7.7% in the VPN Non-IoT Gateway, evidencing gateway saturation under encryption overhead. These findings highlight the trade-off: the IoT Gateway improves traffic stability and jitter consistency, while the Non-IoT Gateway provides higher throughput and lower packet loss. From the experimental perspective, the IoT Gateway is optimal when stability and predictable performance are prioritized, whereas the Non-IoT Gateway is preferable when maximizing throughput and minimizing loss are the primary objectives. © 2025 IEEE.
Universitas Negeri Malang, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Malang, Indonesia
