Agung Efriyo Hadi, Al Ichlas Imran, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Tezara Cionita, Nanang Endriatno, Heru Suryanto, Rozanna Dewi, Teuku Rihayat, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Samsudin Anis
Nut shell is a natural filler widely used across various industries, including furniture, insulation, lightweight products, construction, packaging, and automotive, due to its superior performance and its contribution to industry sustainability. Natural fillers possess hydrophilic characteristics and exhibit heterogeneous behavior upon interaction with other materials, necessitating chemical, mechanical, ultrasonic, and hydrothermal treatments to enhance their interlocking and compatibility. The primary objective of this investigation is to assess the performance of composites, modification processes, fabrication methods, and the performance of different nut shells, to offer more comprehensive recommendations for industrial applications. The findings of this study unequivocally indicate that the modification, shape, and size of fillers, together with manufacturing factors, significantly influence the characterization, physical, mechanical, thermal, and tribological features, and degradation processes of nut shell-reinforced composites. In addition, this study provides the latest advances in understanding the degradation mechanisms of composites, including thermal, biological, and chemical mechanisms. Moreover, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) indicates that using nut shells in composites significantly creates eco-friendly materials and innovative industries. Therefore, further studies must focus on improving compatibility with various matrix types and other materials, optimizing production parameters, and exploring the performance of nut shell-reinforced composites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2026.
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malahayati, Jl. Pramuka No. 27, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung, 35153, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, 93232, Indonesia; Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Pahang, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Pahang, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment & Information Technology, SEGi University, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, 47810, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Lhokseumawe, 24353, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Aceh Utara, Lhokseumawe, 24301, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia
