Muhammad Rizal Andriansyah, Arif Nur Afandi, Mohamad Rodhi Faiz
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Indonesia is constrained by limited charging infrastructure and dependence on fossil fuel-based electricity. This study proposes a photovoltaic (PV)-based electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) integrated with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and grid connection. Using HOMER software, three scenarios with renewable contributions of 50%, 30%, and 15% were simulated and evaluated based on technical, economic, and reliability indicators. The 50% renewable scenario achieved the highest renewable fraction (51.4%) and the shortest payback period (3.9 years), but produced 92.9 kWh/year of excess electricity and 32.2 kWh/year of shortage. The 30% scenario yielded balanced results, with moderate renewable penetration (30.2%), an LCOE of Rp 1,766.62/kWh, and acceptable reliability. The 15% scenario attained the lowest cost (LCOE of Rp 1,541.80/kWh) and highest reliability (3.5 kWh/year shortage), but was heavily dependent on the grid (81.4%). The main contribution of this study is a multi-criteria evaluation framework that integrates technical, economic, and reliability dimensions, providing a practical reference for sustainable EVCS development in Indonesia. © 2025 IEEE.
State University of Malang, Electrical and Informatics Engineering Department, Malang, Indonesia
