Rakhmaditya-Dewi Noorrizki, Fattah Hanurawan, Mochammad Sa’id, Izza-Safira Putri
This research aims to understand the influence of culture and social cognition on the formation of toxic masculinity behavior in young adult men in Indonesia. In the context of Indonesian culture, understanding how these masculinity norms are internalized is relevant, particularly since culture often reinforces stereotypes of masculinity. This research employed a quantitative approach to examine beliefs regarding traditional masculinity with the MRNI-SF and a qualitative approach to explore perspectives on masculinity. Respondents were young adult men in Indonesia willing to participate, and the data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. The results showed that the family, especially parents, plays a crucial role in instilling traditional masculinity values such as responsibility and leadership. In addition, the extended family also provides alternative models of masculinity through daily interactions. These results highlight the role of the family as a mediator between traditional norms and contemporary views. This research is expected to provide a new understanding of the complexity of masculinity formation in Indonesia. © The Author(s) 2026
Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
