Andi Dirpan, Andi Fadiah Ainani, Yosini Deliana, Sumarmi Sumarmi, Adiansyah Syarifuddin, Joko Tri Rubiyanto, Widya Nur Habiba, Muhammad Hanif Muflih, Adetiya Rachman
This study aimed to extract and characterize pectin from pomelo peel and evaluate the chemical, physical, mechanical, and antibacterial attributes as well as the functional activity of the resulting pectin-chitosan-based bilayer film. The extraction of pectin from pomelo peel showed good potential to be used as a base material for biodegradable films with a yield of 24.91 %, methoxyl content of 9.38 % and a degree of esterification of 58.89 %. FTIR analysis showed that pectin interacts with CaCl2 through ionic bonds, while chitosan and gallic acid form hydrogen bonds. These interactions enhance network stability and influence the film's microstructure. Pectin-chitosan bilayer films produced with the addition of CaCl2 (0.5 % w/v) significantly enhanced film elongation (34.94 %) and reduced water pavor permeability (3.63 × 1010 g m−1·s−1·Pa−1), indicating improved mechanical flexibility and barrier properties. Incorporation of gallic acid (5 % w/w) effectively increased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (15.90 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.85 mm). After being buried in soil for 25 days, the films showed a high degree of degradation, and the film with the highest concentration of CaCl2 and gallic acid in particular was completely degraded. Overall, pectin-chitosan bilayer films showed great potential as sustainable biodegradable materials for food packaging applications. © 2025 The Authors.
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Research Group for Post-Harvest Technology and Biotechnology, Makassar, Indonesia; Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Geography, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, France; Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; Research Centre for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banten, Indonesia
