Heryanto Heryanto, Muh Ade Artasasta, Dahlang Tahir, Ali Alomari, Juliasih Partini, Abdelillah Akouibaa
This research introduces a biodegradable smart packaging film designed for real-time freshness monitoring of shrimp, incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and anthocyanin extracted from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. as a pH-responsive indicator. The film matrix, composed of cassava starch, chitosan, and glycerin, was reinforced with varying concentrations of ZnO (0 %, 6 %, and 10 %). Structural characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of ZnO into the biopolymer matrix. Notably, the film containing 6 % ZnO exhibited the highest crystallinity index (12.23 %) compared to the control (10.29 %) and the 10 % ZnO variant (10.81 %). Mechanical property assessments indicated that the 6 % ZnO film demonstrated superior tensile strength (0.78 MPa) and Young's modulus (2.84 MPa). However, increasing the ZnO content resulted in a decrease in elongation at break, from 41.52 % in the control to 27.65 % in the 10 % ZnO film. Water interaction analyses revealed improved water resistance with ZnO incorporation, as evidenced by a reduction in water solubility from 38.12 % (control) to 28.45 % (10 % ZnO). Biodegradation assays showed a slower degradation rate in ZnO-reinforced films (56.42 % for 6 % ZnO and 49.87 % for 10 % ZnO) compared to the control (68.15 %) over 15 days, likely attributable to the hydrophobic nature of ZnO nanoparticles. Functionally, the film demonstrated effective spoilage detection through visible colorimetric transitions, shifting from reddish-purple to bluish-green within 24 h of shrimp storage, corresponding to pH changes associated with degradation. Overall, the findings underscore the potential of ZnO-reinforced, starch-based films as eco-friendly and smart packaging materials for enhancing food safety and quality monitoring. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90425, Indonesia; Biotechnology Program Study, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Physics Department, Al-Qunfudah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Rue Tarik Bnou Ziad Casablanca 20100 Casablanca-Settat, LPPSMM, Physics Department, Hassan II University, Casablanca, 7955, Morocco
