Nurnaningsih Herya Ulfah, Sapto Adi, Mika Vernicia Humairo, Melati Nastiti Ningrum Abidin, Aisya Nur Fadilah, Anu Surach
Introduction. The increasing demand for laundry services in various regions presents challenges in managing wastewater generated by the laundry industry. Wastewater from laundry operations contains pollutant levels that can cause environmental pollution if not properly treated. Two key parameters found in laundry wastewater are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Objective – to identify and analyze research findings related to the use of natural filtration combinations in environmentally friendly and sustainable laundry wastewater treatment. Materials and methods. This research is a literature review using secondary data from articles published in the Springer Link (n = 64), ProQuest (n = 91), and Google Scholar (n = 49) databases over the past ten years and relevant to the topic. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied during the article selection process. A total of 204 articles were initially identified based on the search terms, and 200 articles were excluded based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, leaving 4 articles for narrative synthesis. Results. The analysis revealed that combinations of natural filtration media, including activated charcoal, zeolite, and other supplementary materials such as silica sand and gravel, exhibited considerable efficacy in reducing BOD and COD concentrations in laundry wastewater. The pollutant removal efficiency ranged from 20% to 85.67% for BOD, while COD reduction reached up to 87.80%, depending on the composition and ratio of the filtration materials used. These results indicate that the proper selection and combination of filtration media significantly influence the final quality of the treated wastewater. Limitations. The limited number of reviewed articles and differences in filtration material composition and treatment parameters may affect the comparability of the findings. Conclusion. Natural filtration combinations demonstrate potential as environmentally friendly and sustainable methods for laundry wastewater treatment. The use of activated charcoal, zeolite, silica sand, and gravel contributes to the reduction of BOD and COD levels, while the effectiveness of treatment depends on the composition and ratio of filtration materials applied. © THE TEAM OF AUTHORS, 2026.
State University of Malang, 5 Semarang Rd, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Ramkhamhaeng University, 282 Ramkhamhaeng Rd, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
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