N.N.A. Hafidz, N.M. Ghazali, N.F. Mazuki, M. Diantoro, Y. Nagao, A.S. Samsudin
This study explores the effect of graphene oxide (GO) incorporation on the structural and electrochemical properties of alginate–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer electrolytes doped with ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) for supercapacitor applications. FTIR analysis revealed specific molecular interactions between graphene oxide (GO) and the polymer host, while XRD results confirmed the enhanced amorphous nature of the composite. At 2 wt.% GO loading, the system exhibited peak ionic conductivity of 1.07 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature, with a high ionic transference number (tₙ ≈ 0.98) and an extended electrochemical stability window of 2.85 V. Symmetric supercapacitors fabricated with these electrolytes achieved a specific capacitance of 240.78 F g−1, an energy density of 131 Wh kg−1, and long-term cycling stability up to 10,000 cycles. These results demonstrate that GO-induced structural modulation significantly enhances proton transport and electrochemical performance, offering a promising biopolymer-based platform for next-generation energy storage devices. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Ionic Materials Team, Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science, 1-1 Asahidai, Ishikawa, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan
