Ermin Rachmawati, Larasati Sekar Kinasih, Tias Pramesti Griana, Kanokwan Poomputsa, Dwiki Pramudika Abdul Azis, Sabila Rosyidah Wibawa Putri, Roihatul Mutiah, Suharti Suharti, Djanggan Sargowo, Yudi Her Oktaviono
The increasing incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) worldwide, along with concerns over the long-term use of statins and low adherence to a healthy diet, highlights the potential of natural product-based alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the metabolite profiling, cytotoxicity, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of fermented sambal lalapan extract (FSLE). FSLE was derived from an ethanolic extract of fermented powder that underwent spontaneous fermentation for 14 days at 20°C. Results from LC-MS/MS demonstrated that capsaicin was the predominant among 29 metabolites determined in FSLE. The percentage of cell viability in Vero and MDCK cells treated with FSLE at 5 µg/mL was 90.14 ± 5.35% and 88.27 ± 0.97%, respectively. At the highest concentration of 1,280 µg/mL, cell viability of 99.79 ± 1.87% and 99.85 ± 9.19% was obtained in Vero and MDCK cells. The effect of FSLE on atherosclerosis was evaluated using an atherosclerosis animal model. The oral administration of FSLE at 200 mg/kg body weight resulted in lower total cholesterol (TC) (154.40 ± 34.13 mg/dL), lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-c (130.59 ±15.68 mg/dL) (P = 0.001 < 0.05), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-c (33.73 ± 1.67 mg/dL) compared to the HFD group (P = 0.001 < 0.05). Observation using HE staining revealed a lower number of foam cells in the aortic tissue of the FSLE compared to the HFD group (P = 0.045 < 0.05), which may be attributed to increased ATP Binding Cassette A (ABCA)1 expression, as determined by real-time PCR and ELISA. In conclusion, FSLE showed promise against CHD by attenuating atherosclerosis. © 2026 Author (s).
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, East Java, 65151, Indonesia; Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand; Bachelor Degree Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, East Java, 65151, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, East Java, 65151, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Malang University, East Java, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, 60131, Indonesia; Dewan Jamu Indonesia, Malang, Indonesia
